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Water is one of the main sources that are utilised all over the world. The scarcity of water is due to the rapid development of urbanization, population growth, agricultural growth, industrialization, and other environmental issues arising from chemical and biological contaminants in water that turn it into pollution. It is important to manage waste to avoid environmental and social problems. Wastewater treatment is a method to turn wastewater into valuables that can be used in domestic as well as urban agriculture. It is estimated that nearly 38,354 million litres of sewage are generated per day, but only a few are treated. In wastewater treatment, several issues arise in the primary stage due to the clogging of solid particles that accumulate in the wastewater, and then the primary pretreatment is performed to reduce these solid particles. Mainly in industries, wastewater management is essential because the toxic effluent from industrial waste can affect the environment, be harmful to aquatic organisms, and lead to contaminants and pollution. There are various methods that can be used to treat wastewater, such as using algae technology to treat wastewater generated from industries through the growth of algae, which can then be utilised in biofertilizers, biofuel production, etc. Many applications are performed in water management, such as in agriculture, the chemical industry, the tannery industry, immobilization, nanofiltration, carbon capturing technology, microbial bioremediation, and other fields. We can see the advantages and disadvantages of these applications in this article.

Our world is changing rapidly, and nowhere is this transition more pronounced than in the climatic extremes of our planet. For the people who call these places home, the myriad threats facing their rich cultural landscapes in the context of the current climate change crisis—rising sea levels, fluvial erosion, drought, sand dune encroachment—are becoming a source of great social anxiety. Furthermore, these environmental pressures are compounded by population growth and urban development.Using two contrasting study regions, the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska, USA and Mauritania, we explore how free cloud-based geospatial services such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) might be used to build capacity for communities in the Arctic and the Sahel. We present five analytical remote sensing tools built in GEE, each one designed to address specific and urgent environmental concerns in the regions in question.

Living shorelines are a way of protecting the shoreline from erosion while supporting the productivity of coastal habitats to maintain their many desirable ecosystem services. We focused on evaluating hardened versus living shorelines for coastal protection and compared them to adjacent natural marsh shorelines suffering excess erosion rates. Living shorelines are a suite of shoreline conservation and restoration techniques, which usually involve a breakwater that dampens wave energy so vegetation can take root and stabilize the shoreline sediments. This synthesis looked at six different sites, all containing a natural, living, and hardened shoreline across two different energy groups (low and high) to see how hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative parameters affected shoreline processes. The erosion rate of the coastline and its geomorphic shape were significantly influenced in the two energy groups, with the high energy coastlines eroding more quickly and having a steeper slope. Hardened shorelines were found to have little to no erosion, while natural shorelines had the greatest amount of edge erosion over time. Living shorelines lessened this rate of erosion compared to the natural marsh. The natural and living shorelines were similar in slope and sediment parameters, while hardened shorelines had steep slopes and higher sand content. We found that coastlines with high turbidity, high erosion rates, large wave power, and relative exposure resulted in steeper slopes and a higher percentage of sand in the sediment, but reduced vegetation percent cover and percent of marsh dominant vegetation species. This research increases our knowledge about what environmental conditions may be most suitable for living shorelines, of importance as sea levels rise and increase coastal erosion rates.

Background. Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan African developing nations that encounters the majority of the usual difficulties in delivering water services to its inhabitants. Thus, 60–80% of the populace is afflicted by diseases that are waterborne or connected to water. This is partly due to the shortage of access to safe water distribution systems. This study was to conduct an Assessment on Quality of drinking water based on the water quality index method in Hawassa Zuria Woreda, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia.Methods. A total of twenty-three representative water samples were collected from different sources, such as two samples from the source borehole (BH), five samples from the reservoir, eight samples from storage (household containers), and eight samples from the taps. The Water Quality Index (WQI) tool was used to determine the overall condition of water quality with different physico-chemical parameters. To determine the p 0.05 significant differences in the mean values of the water quality measures at the various sampled sites and to observe the associations of variables, one-way ANOVA and correlation were used. To match the results of the heavy metal level with the WHO value, a t-test was used.Results. Bacteriological (total coliform and fecal coliforms) and physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, Electric conductivity, Turbidity, TDS, Nitrate, Ammonia, phosphate, Free chlorine residual, Iron, Total hardness , Magnesium, Nitrite, fluoride and Analysis of heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Zn, Co, Cu, and Ni) was done to determine their appropriateness for drinking. The study's findings demonstrated that the majority of the criteria should have been within the WHO's safe drinking water guidelines and Ethiopia's drinking water standards. However, temperature, electric conductivity, ammonia, phosphate, fluoride, lead, and nickel were among the physicochemical characteristics that in different sampling sites exceeded these safe limits. The values of temperature, turbidity and nitrate were significantly differing from the supplied source to household storage. However, other parameters showed no significant change from source to storage. The WQI values of the analyzed water samples indicate that 73.9% of all analyzed samples were excellent and 26.1% were good. The mean HPI and HEI, respectively, were 75.72 and 1.47. The average HPI score was below the threshold of 100. The average metal concentrations in drinking water were discovered to be distributed in the following order: Zn>Ni>Co>Cu>Mn>Fe>Pb. A sample t-test showed that there was an extremely significant difference (p0.01) between the GUIDELINE values and metals other than lead. The Pb/Zn elemental pair is significantly linked with each other (r = 0.524, P 0.05), in contrast to the other elemental pairs, which do not significantly correlate with one another. Pairs of Pb/turbidity are associated with one another (r = 0.715, P 0.01), according to element and physicochemical associations. Similarly, there is a significant correlation between Cu/turbidity and Cu/pH (r = -0.522, P 0.01). The relationship between EC and turbidity is also substantially correlated (r = 0.567, P 0.05).Conclusion. This research strongly suggests that drinking water from heavy metal-contaminated sites should be outlawed and that lead and nickel removal should receive special attention from the appropriate authorities.

Waste and electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which is generally disposed of in landfills, contains valuable elements, called rare earth metals, and they are applicable in many industrial sectors.Only 1% of the rare earth elements are recycled from the residues mentioned above.This study aims to show a patent landscape in recovering rare earth metals from end-of-life electronic equipment.The patented methods were searched on the Orbit Intelligence platform (FamPat database), Espacenet, Google Patents and Octimine, using keywords and classification codes (IPC and CPC).China is the country with the greatest number of priority patent applications filed in this technical field, followed by the USA and Japan.The different techniques developed for recovering rare earth metals are hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy and biometallurgy or bioleaching. Hybrid treatments have been also patented.A focus on the biological treatment technologies for recovery of rare earth metals from e-waste was carried out.

Climate change is the priority, global concern that has received substantial funding for reduction efforts and makes demands on governments for change. The first climate treaty, the Kyoto Protocol (2008), was founded on the aim of reducing greenhouse emissions to at least 5% below 1990 levels, however the last decade saw a 15% increase in CO2 emissions. Achieving 1990 levels should be the first target in Net Zero Emissions, equating to a reduction in annual CO2 emissions by 12.8 Gt, which this paper accepts as a definition of the “Global Target”.In this paper we assert that three key actions are necessary if this target is to be achieved: First, the use of Absolute Emissions, not Emission Intensity, as the key metric. Absolute Emissions provide transparency and facilitate responsible investment, whereas Emission Intensity is misleading because it creates an illusion of lower emissions whilst allowing increases in actual Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Second, measurement and reporting of Absolute Emissions should be compared with the Global Target for any GHG-producing process, and against the respective country, sector, and industry targets. Thirdly, data-based solutions should be implemented by identifying significant emission contributors and designing reduction or elimination protocols based on this identification. An example is given of removing inefficient motor vehicles to achieve 14% of the Global Target, together with examples of targetting other key emissions sources.

This is a brief commentary on the verdict given by the National Green Tribunal in the matter of construction of a high rise residential complex where the appellant was University of Delhi and the respondent was Young Builders, a construction company. The commentary presents the proceedings of the case in a simplified manner along with some remarks on the decision made by the National Green Tribunal. The question at the heart of the matter is whether the development of housing was in line with the environmental law and jurisprudence in India. The National Green Tribunal questioned the environmental clearance given by the competent government agencies and provided a fresh assessment and ordered for the discontinuation of the project. The Tribunal highlighted the impact on the various points related to the environment by the project. The issues dealt with include underestimation of water requirement for construction and operation, air quality impact of the project, noise pollution due to the project, proximity to eco-sensitive area, and traffic congestion issues among others. The stand of the Tribunal is in favour of environmental protection, and it has played this crucial role successfully in light of the questions raised by the executive wing of the government in giving environment clearances to the project. There is scope for further policy discussion on these issues as a balance needs to be created between housing people and developing the city and preventing damage to the environment as mandated by law.

Based on the theoretical analysis of different dimensions of China's low-carbon governance environment, the uncertainty index of the low-carbon governance environment is constructed, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of China's low-carbon governance environment is carried out based on the improved analytic hierarchy process and an entropy weight method. The dynamic panel model and PSTR transfer model are established to divide the degree of environmental uncertainty in low-carbon governance and to explore the regional heterogeneity impact of environmental uncertainty on the dual goals of carbon emission reduction. The empirical results show that as the uncertainty of the low-carbon governance environment changes from a low-zone system to a high-zone system, its negative impact on the realization of the dual goal of carbon emission reduction is gradually strengthened. The uncertainty of low-carbon governance environment will hinder the realization of China's carbon emission reduction targets. Stable low-carbon policy environment and economic environment are conducive to promoting carbon emission reduction targets from environmental governance, while the stability of technological innovation environment and carbon trading mechanism is an important factor in promoting carbon emission reduction targets.