The study on land size class wise growth of crop diversification index from Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India [1], presents a thorough analysis of the spatiotemporal changes in crop diversification across different land size categories from 1995-96 to 2015-16. Crop diversification, as the study rightly points out, holds immense significance in addressing various socioeconomic and environmental challenges, particularly in agrarian economies like India. One of the notable aspects of the study is its utilization of the Gibbs-Martin’s technique [2] to calculate the diversification index. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the differential impacts of diversification across various land size categories, emphasizing that marginal and small land holdings have experienced the most significant improvements. Despite the marginal increase in the diversification index for large landholdings, the study underscores the relatively low contribution of large farmers to the overall diversification process due to their limited presence in the district's farming landscape. The study's conclusion aptly highlights the need for targeted capacity-building programs aimed at sustaining and fostering the diversification process among farmers [3][4][5][6]. This recommendation aligns with the broader objective of ensuring inclusive and sustainable agricultural development, particularly in regions like Murshidabad, where small and marginal farmers constitute a substantial proportion of the farming community.      Future research could explore synergies between crop diversification and watershed development interventions to optimize agricultural productivity, water resource management, and rural livelihoods, thus contributing to broader goals of sustainable development and environmental conservation. Integrating water budget calculators (WBCs), groundwater calculators (G-Cals), and AI-ML approaches can significantly enhance the monitoring and promotion of crop diversification. By leveraging these advanced tools and techniques, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into the relationship between water availability, agricultural practices, and crop diversification patterns, thus facilitating evidence-based decision-making and targeted interventions to promote sustainable agriculture.      WBCs can be instrumental in assessing the water balance and availability in agricultural areas [7], thereby guiding farmers in making informed decisions regarding crop selection and irrigation practices. By analyzing precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff, WBCs can help identify regions with water surplus or deficit, enabling stakeholders to optimize water allocation and management strategies [8][9][10][11]. In the context of Murshidabad district, WBCs can provide valuable information on seasonal variations in water availability, helping farmers to diversify crops based on their water requirements and adapt to changing climatic conditions.      G-Cals offer insights into groundwater dynamics, recharge rates, and aquifer properties, which are crucial for sustainable groundwater management and agricultural planning [12]. By estimating groundwater levels, flow rates, and storage capacities, G-Cals can help identify areas with high groundwater potential, where water-intensive crops can be cultivated without depleting aquifer resources. Additionally, G-Cals can assess the impacts of irrigation practices on groundwater recharge and quality, informing strategies to minimize water extraction and enhance groundwater sustainability [13][14][15][16]. In Murshidabad district, G-Cals can assist in identifying suitable areas for crop diversification based on groundwater availability and quality, thereby promoting water-efficient agricultural practices.      AI-ML approaches offer powerful tools for analyzing large-scale datasets, identifying patterns, and predicting future trends in crop diversification. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, stakeholders can analyze historical crop data, climate variables, soil characteristics, and water availability to develop predictive models of crop diversification patterns. These models can help forecast changes in crop distribution, identify potential barriers to diversification, and recommend targeted interventions to promote diversification among farmers [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. In the context of Murshidabad district, AI-ML approaches can analyze historical agricultural data and climate projections to assess the feasibility of introducing new crops, optimizing crop rotations, and improving water use efficiency, thus enhancing agricultural sustainability and resilience to climate change.      In conclusion, by integrating WBCs, G-Cals, and AI-ML approaches, stakeholders can enhance their capacity to monitor, evaluate, and promote crop diversification initiatives in Murshidabad district and similar agricultural regions. These advanced tools offer valuable insights into the complex interactions between water resources, agricultural practices, and environmental factors, thereby facilitating evidence-based decision-making and promoting sustainable agriculture for food security and livelihood improvement.References^Sakil Ansari, Hasibur Rahaman. (2024). Land Size Class Wise Growth of Crop Diversification Index: A Case Study From Murshidabad District of West Bengal. Qeios. doi:10.32388/UJ2Z93.^Hasibur Rahaman. (2020). Status of Crop Diversification. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55728-7_4.^Adama Douyon, Omonlola Nadine Worou, Agathe Diama, Felix Badolo, et al. (2022). Impact of Crop Diversification on Household Food and Nutrition Security in Southern and Central Mali. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., vol. 5 . doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.751349.^Ronnie Vernooy. (2022). Does crop diversification lead to climate-related resilience? Improving the theory through insights on practice. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, vol. 46 (6), 877-901. doi:10.1080/21683565.2022.2076184.^Eva Revoyron, Marianne Le Bail, Jean-Marc Meynard, Anita Gunnarsson, et al. (2022). Diversity and drivers of crop diversification pathways of European farms. Agricultural Systems, vol. 201 , 103439. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103439.^Justus Ochieng, Lilian Kirimi, Dennis O. Ochieng, Timothy Njagi, et al. (2020). Managing climate risk through crop diversification in rural Kenya. Climatic Change, vol. 162 (3), 1107-1125. doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02727-0.^Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing a Web Application-Based Water Budget Calculator: Attaining Water Security in Rural-Nashik, India. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_37.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of Southern India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 3 (3). doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04232-0.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Investigating impact of land-use and land cover changes on hydro-ecological balance using GIS: insights from IIT Bombay, India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 3 (3). doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04328-7.^Pennan Chinnasamy, Aman Srivastava. (2021). Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India. Front. Water, vol. 3 . doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.639637.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2023). Watershed development interventions for rural water safety, security, and sustainability in semi-arid region of Western-India. Environ Dev Sustain. doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03387-7.^Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Web Application Tool for Assessing Groundwater Sustainability—A Case Study in Rural-Maharashtra, India. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_28.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing Village-Level Water Management Plans Against Extreme Climatic Events in Maharashtra (India)—A Case Study Approach. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_27.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Assessing Groundwater Depletion in Southern India as a Function of Urbanization and Change in Hydrology: A Threat to Tank Irrigation in Madurai City. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_24.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2022). Tank Cascade System in Southern India as a Traditional Surface Water Infrastructure: A Review. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2312-8_15.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2022). Understanding Declining Storage Capacity of Tank Cascade System of Madurai: Potential for Better Water Management for Rural, Peri-Urban, and Urban Catchments. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2312-8_14.^Aman Srivastava, Shubham Jain, Rajib Maity, Venkappayya R. Desai. (2022). Demystifying artificial intelligence amidst sustainable agricultural water management. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91910-4.00002-9.^Aman Srivastava, Rajib Maity. (2023). Assessing the Potential of AI–ML in Urban Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable Development. Sustainability, vol. 15 (23), 16461. doi:10.3390/su152316461.^Mustafa Al-Mukhtar, Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Tariq Al-Musawi, et al. (2023). Prediction of Irrigation Water Quality Indices Using Random Committee, Discretization Regression, REPTree, and Additive Regression. Water Resour Manage, vol. 38 (1), 343-368. doi:10.1007/s11269-023-03674-y.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Aman Srivastava, Jinsong Deng, Zhibin Li, et al. (2023). Forecasting vapor pressure deficit for agricultural water management using machine learning in semi-arid environments. Agricultural Water Management, vol. 283 , 108302. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108302.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Aman Srivastava, Nand Lal Kushwaha, Csaba Juhász, et al. (2022). Meteorological Data Fusion Approach for Modeling Crop Water Productivity Based on Ensemble Machine Learning. Water, vol. 15 (1), 30. doi:10.3390/w15010030.^Gustavo A. Mesías-Ruiz, María Pérez-Ortiz, José Dorado, Ana I. de Castro, et al. (2023). Boosting precision crop protection towards agriculture 5.0 via machine learning and emerging technologies: A contextual review. Front. Plant Sci., vol. 14 . doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1143326.^Neeru S. Redhu, Zoozeal Thakur, Shikha Yashveer, Poonam Mor. (2022). Artificial intelligence: a way forward for agricultural sciences. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89778-5.00007-6.^Acharya Balkrishna, Rakshit Pathak, Sandeep Kumar, Vedpriya Arya, et al. (2023). A comprehensive analysis of the advances in Indian Digital Agricultural architecture. Smart Agricultural Technology, vol. 5 , 100318. doi:10.1016/j.atech.2023.100318.

The present paper on new method to identify potential illegal water use location by using remote sensing and neural networks in Laguna de Aculeo, Chile [1] presents an innovative approach to addressing water scarcity issues through remote sensing technology and data analysis techniques. By leveraging multi-spectral and multitemporal satellite data, the study identifies potential instances of illegal water usage for grass irrigation in the study site. The conclusion reinforces the importance of remote sensing technology in environmental research and highlights the transformative potential of the methodology developed in the study. Overall, the paper offers valuable insights into the use of remote sensing and neural networks for monitoring and enforcing water usage restrictions in water-scarce regions, contributing to advancements in environmental science and management.      In light of the methodology presented in the paper, there are opportunities for future research to explore complementary approaches, particularly those focused on monitoring and managing water resources in dryland areas [2][3][4]. One such approach is the development of web application-based water budget calculators (WBC), as demonstrated in the rural Maharashtra of India [5]; offers a user-friendly tool for estimating key hydrological parameters, including precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, and surface runoff. By leveraging server-side PHP language, the WBC provides estimates on hydrological components, enabling better water management policies and the careful distribution of water in arid and semi-arid climate zones. The methodology employed in the development of the WBC aligns with the objectives of the present work, as both aim to improve water management practices through innovative technological solutions, thereby preventing water wastage. Future research could explore the integration of remote sensing data and neural networks into web-based water budget calculators, enhancing their capabilities for monitoring water usage and identifying areas of concern, such as potential illegal water use locations. Moreover, the findings from the WBC tool, validated through field investigations, offer valuable insights into hydrological processes and water balance in rural areas [6][7][8][9]. These insights can inform decision-making processes and facilitate the design of effective water security plans, aligning with the broader goals of sustainable water resource management.       Building again upon the methodology outlined in the paper, another complementary approaches, particularly those focused on monitoring and managing groundwater resources in rural areas is the development of web application-based tools for assessing groundwater sustainability, as demonstrated in the same study site of rural-Maharashtra, India. The Groundwater Calculator (G-Cal) tool developed for this region offers a user-friendly platform for generating groundwater properties, estimating flow between wells, and evaluating components of well hydraulics in both confined and unconfined aquifer conditions [10]. By leveraging open-source web application technology, the G-Cal tool provides valuable insights into groundwater dynamics, enabling better water management practices and the development of water security plans. The methodology employed in the development of the G-Cal tool aligns with the objectives of the present work, as both aim to enhance water management strategies through innovative technological solutions. Future research could also explore the integration of remote sensing data and neural networks into web-based groundwater sustainability assessment tools, enhancing their capabilities for monitoring groundwater usage and identifying areas of concern, such as potential illegal water use locations. Moreover, the findings from the G-Cal tool, validated through field surveys and case studies, offer valuable insights into groundwater dynamics and aquifer properties in rural areas [11][12][13][14]. These insights can inform decision-making processes and facilitate the design of effective water management strategies, particularly in regions where agricultural practices heavily rely on groundwater resources [15][16][17][18][19].      In conclusion, the present work is a valuable contribution to the field of water resource management through its innovative approach to identifying potential illegal water use locations. By considering complementary methodologies, such as web application-based water budget calculators or groundwater sustainability assessment tools, future research can further enhance the efficacy of water management strategies, particularly in rural areas facing water scarcity challenges.References^Héctor Leopoldo Venegas Quiñones, Pablo García-Chevesich, Rodrigo Marcelo Valdes. (2024). New Method to Identify Potential Illegal Water Use Location by Using Remote Sensing and Neural Networks in Laguna de Aculeo, Chile. Qeios. doi:10.32388/GTYCV6.^T. Foster, T. Mieno, N. Brozović. (2020). Satellite‐Based Monitoring of Irrigation Water Use: Assessing Measurement Errors and Their Implications for Agricultural Water Management Policy. Water Resources Research, vol. 56 (11). doi:10.1029/2020wr028378.^María Bernedo Del Carpio, Francisco Alpizar, Paul J. Ferraro. (2021). Community-based monitoring to facilitate water management by local institutions in Costa Rica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 118 (29). doi:10.1073/pnas.2015177118.^A. Loch, C. D. Pérez-Blanco, E. Carmody, V. Felbab-Brown, et al. (2020). Grand theft water and the calculus of compliance. Nat Sustain, vol. 3 (12), 1012-1018. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0589-3.^Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing a Web Application-Based Water Budget Calculator: Attaining Water Security in Rural-Nashik, India. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_37.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing Village-Level Water Management Plans Against Extreme Climatic Events in Maharashtra (India)—A Case Study Approach. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_27.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2023). Watershed development interventions for rural water safety, security, and sustainability in semi-arid region of Western-India. Environ Dev Sustain. doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03387-7.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2022). Tank Cascade System in Southern India as a Traditional Surface Water Infrastructure: A Review. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2312-8_15.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2022). Understanding Declining Storage Capacity of Tank Cascade System of Madurai: Potential for Better Water Management for Rural, Peri-Urban, and Urban Catchments. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2312-8_14.^Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Web Application Tool for Assessing Groundwater Sustainability—A Case Study in Rural-Maharashtra, India. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_28.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Assessing Groundwater Depletion in Southern India as a Function of Urbanization and Change in Hydrology: A Threat to Tank Irrigation in Madurai City. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_24.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of Southern India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 3 (3). doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04232-0.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Investigating impact of land-use and land cover changes on hydro-ecological balance using GIS: insights from IIT Bombay, India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 3 (3). doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04328-7.^Pennan Chinnasamy, Aman Srivastava. (2021). Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India. Front. Water, vol. 3 . doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.639637.^Aman Srivastava, Shubham Jain, Rajib Maity, Venkappayya R. Desai. (2022). Demystifying artificial intelligence amidst sustainable agricultural water management. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91910-4.00002-9.^Aman Srivastava, Rajib Maity. (2023). Assessing the Potential of AI–ML in Urban Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable Development. Sustainability, vol. 15 (23), 16461. doi:10.3390/su152316461.^Sandhya.A. Kulkarni, Vishal D Raikar, B K Rahul, L V Rakshitha, et al. (2020). Intelligent Water Level Monitoring System Using IoT. doi:10.1109/isssc50941.2020.9358827.^Haithem Mezni, Maha Driss, Wadii Boulila, Safa Ben Atitallah, et al. (2022). SmartWater: A Service-Oriented and Sensor Cloud-Based Framework for Smart Monitoring of Water Environments. Remote Sensing, vol. 14 (4), 922. doi:10.3390/rs14040922.^Meshack Achore, Elijah Bisung, Elias D. Kuusaana. (2020). Coping with water insecurity at the household level: A synthesis of qualitative evidence. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. 230 , 113598. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113598.

The present work on the application of a Cellular Automata Markov (CAM) model using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Python for future land use predictions and validation presents a comprehensive analysis of the application of a CAM model using GIS and Python for predicting future land use changes and validating these predictions [1]. The study demonstrates the utility of this approach in assessing the impacts of land use changes on flooding extent and Ecosystem Service Values (ESV), providing valuable insights into the complex interactions between human activities and environmental systems.      Overall, the paper presents a well-structured and informative analysis of the application of CAM models for future land use predictions and validation. The use of GIS and Python facilitates a robust and flexible approach to modeling land use changes, allowing for the consideration of various factors influencing these changes. The study contributes valuable insights into the complex dynamics of human-environmental systems and offers practical recommendations for policymakers and land use planners. However, future research could explore additional factors and refine the modeling approach to enhance the accuracy and reliability of future land use predictions. Additionally, the development of user-friendly tools for land use prediction could further facilitate the integration of these models into decision-making processes.      Understanding the impact of land-use and land cover changes on hydro-ecological balance is crucial for informed decision-making in urban planning and environmental management [2][3][4]. Such studies provide valuable insights that can inform and enhance the work on "Application of a Cellular Automata Markov Model Using GIS and Python for Future Land Use Predictions and Validation." The research on land-use changes in the IIT Bombay (academic) campus, India, employs GIS to analyze spatio-temporal disparities between hydrological parameters, ecological components, and anthropogenic stressors [5]. Through manual supervised classification methods [6][7] and ground-truthing techniques [8][9][10][11][12], the study evaluates changes in forest cover, built-up areas, and other land-use categories over a specific period. By examining the hydro-ecological balance, the study underscores the importance of sustainable land management practices in mitigating negative consequences such as floods and loss of ecosystem services.      The findings of an academic campus study offer valuable decision-making scope for the work on future land use predictions using a Cellular Automata Markov (CAM) model integrated with GIS and Python. Firstly, the insights gained from analyzing historical land-use changes provide essential inputs for refining the parameters and transition probability matrices of the CAM model. By understanding past trends and patterns, researchers can calibrate the model more accurately to simulate future scenarios of land use dynamics.Moreover, the emphasis on hydro-ecological balance in an academic campus study highlights the need to consider environmental factors in land-use planning and decision-making processes. Integrating such considerations into the CAM model can enhance its predictive capabilities by incorporating ecological constraints and environmental sustainability objectives. For example, incorporating proximity to water bodies, forest cover, and other ecological features as influencing factors in the CAM model can improve the accuracy of future land use predictions.      Furthermore, the academic campus study underscores the importance of validation and accuracy assessment in land-use modeling efforts. By conducting reconnaissance surveys, ground-truthing, and qualitative investigations, the study ensures the reliability of its findings and provides a benchmark for evaluating the performance of land use prediction models. Incorporating similar validation techniques into the CAM model development process can enhance its credibility and robustness, thereby increasing its utility for decision-makers and stakeholders.      Overall, the insights gained from the study on land-use changes in an academic campus offer valuable guidance for refining and enhancing the predictive capabilities of the CAM model for future land use predictions. By integrating environmental considerations, validation techniques, and lessons learned from historical trends, researchers can develop more robust and reliable tools for supporting sustainable land management practices and informed decision-making in urban planning and environmental management.References^Angelos Alamanos. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Future Land Uses on Flood Risks and Ecosystem Services, With Limited Data: Coupling a Cellular Automata Markov (CAM) Model, With Hydraulic and Spatial Valuation Models. Qeios. doi:10.32388/JJWWBD.^Swades Pal, Swapan Talukdar. (2018). Assessing the role of hydrological modifications on land use/land cover dynamics in Punarbhaba river basin of Indo-Bangladesh. Environ Dev Sustain, vol. 22 (1), 363-382. doi:10.1007/s10668-018-0205-0.^Isaac Larbi, Emmanuel Obuobie, Anne Verhoef, Stefan Julich, et al. (2020). Water balance components estimation under scenarios of land cover change in the Vea catchment, West Africa. Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol. 65 (13), 2196-2209. doi:10.1080/02626667.2020.1802467.^Stuti Shah, Sumit Sen, Debabrata Sahoo. (2024). State of Indian Northwestern Himalayan lakes under human and climate impacts: A review. Ecological Indicators, vol. 160 , 111858. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111858.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Investigating impact of land-use and land cover changes on hydro-ecological balance using GIS: insights from IIT Bombay, India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 3 (3). doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04328-7.^Eman A. Alshari, Bharti W. Gawali. (2021). Development of classification system for LULC using remote sensing and GIS. Global Transitions Proceedings, vol. 2 (1), 8-17. doi:10.1016/j.gltp.2021.01.002.^GN Vivekananda, R Swathi, AVLN Sujith. (2020). Multi-temporal image analysis for LULC classification and change detection. European Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 54 (sup2), 189-199. doi:10.1080/22797254.2020.1771215.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing Village-Level Water Management Plans Against Extreme Climatic Events in Maharashtra (India)—A Case Study Approach. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_27.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of Southern India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 3 (3). doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04232-0.^Pennan Chinnasamy, Aman Srivastava. (2021). Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India. Front. Water, vol. 3 . doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.639637.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Assessing Groundwater Depletion in Southern India as a Function of Urbanization and Change in Hydrology: A Threat to Tank Irrigation in Madurai City. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_24.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2023). Watershed development interventions for rural water safety, security, and sustainability in semi-arid region of Western-India. Environ Dev Sustain. doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03387-7.

The present research on revitalizing key conditions and integrated watershed management to mitigate land degradation and sustain water availability for agriculture in semi-arid regions of Ethiopia provides a comprehensive overview of the research objectives, methodology, and key findings, demonstrating a thorough approach to understanding the challenges and constraints hindering the promotion of watershed-based interventions. The identification of key challenges and limitations, including poor institutional support, lack of participation, inadequate planning of soil and water conservation technologies, absence of research and development linkages, and insufficient capacity building, reflects a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in implementing watershed-based interventions. By delineating these challenges, the author lays a solid foundation for proposing actionable recommendations to revitalize the Integrated Watershed Management (IWSM) approach. Furthermore, the emphasis on ensuring institutional support, community participation, and the establishment of a watershed-based platform for scientific tools and capacity building demonstrates a forward-thinking approach to addressing the identified constraints. These key conditions for revitalizing watershed-based interventions hold the potential to mitigate soil erosion-induced land degradation, rehabilitate watershed resources, and sustain water availability for agriculture in Ethiopia, setting a precedent for other semi-arid regions facing similar challenges.      The research may further benefit significantly from drawing insights from related studies conducted in contexts analogous to the Ethiopian semi-arid regions (cited in this review and can be accessed from the reference section). The seminal studies on water management using traditional tank cascade systems in semi-arid region of Southern India provides valuable insights into the efficacy of traditional water recharge structures, notably tank cascade systems, in alleviating water scarcity challenges. By examining the case of Southern India, these studies underscore the historical efficacy of traditional water management practices in semi-arid environments. The findings illuminate the potential applicability of similar strategies in Ethiopia, where analogous environmental and climatic conditions prevail. Moreover, the researches on the revival of traditional cascade tanks for achieving climate resilience in drylands of South India presents a compelling argument for the revitalization and maintenance of traditional tanks to enhance climate resilience. These studies emphasize the critical role of proper management and desilting of traditional tanks in fulfilling both domestic and agricultural water requirements [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. By elucidating the benefits of restoring traditional water infrastructure, such as cascade tanks, these researches provide actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Ethiopia seeking to enhance water security in semi-arid regions.      Furthermore, the studies on watershed development interventions for rural water safety, security, and sustainability in semi-arid region of western-India offers crucial lessons on combating water scarcity for irrigational requirements and water imbalance in rural areas. Through an exploration of watershed development interventions in Western India, these research highlights the significance of devising effective strategies tailored to local contexts. By focusing on rural water safety, security, and sustainability, these studies underscore the importance of community-centric approaches and decentralized water management initiatives along with community mobilization on digital methods of collecting hydrologic and hydrogeologic data and exploiting the benefits of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in agricultural water management [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The insights gleaned from this research serve as a valuable resource for informing policy formulation and implementation strategies in Ethiopia, particularly in semi-arid regions grappling with similar water security challenges.       Collectively, these related studies provide a rich tapestry of insights into various facets of water management in semi-arid regions, ranging from the effectiveness of traditional water infrastructure to the importance of community engagement and decentralized interventions. Building upon the insights from these related studies, future research endeavors could explore the potential applicability of traditional water management practices and decentralized watershed development approaches in the Ethiopian context. Besides, the author is to be commended for the meticulous approach to the research, which includes a systematic review of over 60+ published articles and engagement with 65+ peer reviewers. The author's commitment to rigor and inclusivity in scholarly discourse is evident, and the incorporation of diverse perspectives enriches the study's credibility.References^V. Ratna Reddy, M. Srinivasa Reddy, K. Palanisami. (2018). Tank rehabilitation in India: Review of experiences and strategies. Agricultural Water Management, vol. 209 , 32-43. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.013.^Nalaka Geekiyanage, D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara. (2013). Ecology of ancient Tank Cascade Systems in island Sri Lanka. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, vol. 2 (2), 93-101. doi:10.1016/j.imic.2013.11.001.^Wiebke Bebermeier, Julia Meister, Chandana Withanachchi, Ingo Middelhaufe, et al. (2017). Tank Cascade Systems as a Sustainable Measure of Watershed Management in South Asia. Water, vol. 9 (3), 231. doi:10.3390/w9030231.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2022). Tank Cascade System in Southern India as a Traditional Surface Water Infrastructure: A Review. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2312-8_15.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of Southern India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 3 (3). doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04232-0.^Pennan Chinnasamy, Aman Srivastava. (2021). Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India. Front. Water, vol. 3 . doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.639637.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Assessing Groundwater Depletion in Southern India as a Function of Urbanization and Change in Hydrology: A Threat to Tank Irrigation in Madurai City. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_24.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2022). Understanding Declining Storage Capacity of Tank Cascade System of Madurai: Potential for Better Water Management for Rural, Peri-Urban, and Urban Catchments. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2312-8_14.^Kaushal K. Garg, Ramesh Singh, K.H. Anantha, Anand K. Singh, et al. (2020). Building climate resilience in degraded agricultural landscapes through water management: A case study of Bundelkhand region, Central India. Journal of Hydrology, vol. 591 , 125592. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125592.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2023). Watershed development interventions for rural water safety, security, and sustainability in semi-arid region of Western-India. Environ Dev Sustain. doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03387-7.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing Village-Level Water Management Plans Against Extreme Climatic Events in Maharashtra (India)—A Case Study Approach. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_27.^Aman Srivastava, Shubham Jain, Rajib Maity, Venkappayya R. Desai. (2022). Demystifying artificial intelligence amidst sustainable agricultural water management. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91910-4.00002-9.^Aman Srivastava, Rajib Maity. (2023). Assessing the Potential of AI–ML in Urban Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable Development. Sustainability, vol. 15 (23), 16461. doi:10.3390/su152316461.^Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Web Application Tool for Assessing Groundwater Sustainability—A Case Study in Rural-Maharashtra, India. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_28.^Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing a Web Application-Based Water Budget Calculator: Attaining Water Security in Rural-Nashik, India. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_37.^Pramod K. Singh, Harpalsinh Chudasama. (2021). Pathways for climate change adaptations in arid and semi-arid regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 284 , 124744. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124744.^Ajaykumar Krushna Kadam, Bhavana N. Umrikar, R. N. Sankhua. (2020). Assessment of recharge potential zones for groundwater development and management using geospatial and MCDA technologies in semiarid region of Western India. SN Appl. Sci., vol. 2 (2). doi:10.1007/s42452-020-2079-7.

The poem you've shared conveys a powerful message about the impact of climate change on the Earth and its inhabitants. It uses vivid imagery and a storytelling approach to communicate a moral lesson. The poem has a clear structure, with distinct sections that transition smoothly from one to another. It starts with the portrayal of an old lady's plight due to climate change, transitions to a heavenly council's response, and ends with a message to the inhabitants of the Earth.      The use of dialogue and character interactions (between the old lady, the heavenly council, and Gabriel) adds a narrative dimension to the poem, making it engaging and relatable. The poem incorporates religious imagery and themes effectively, creating a sense of divine intervention and responsibility. The poem employs vivid and evocative imagery. It paints a clear picture of the old lady's suffering, the heavenly council's actions, and the consequences of climate change, such as heatwaves, drought, and floods. The use of metaphor, like the Earth as God's footstool, is compelling and conveys a sense of stewardship. However, in some instances, the language becomes a bit verbose, which might impact the poem's flow and readability. Simplifying certain phrases could enhance comprehension without sacrificing depth. The poem maintains a consistent rhyme scheme, which contributes to its musicality and readability. While the rhyme is generally consistent, there are a few instances where it feels forced, potentially disrupting the flow.      The central theme of climate change and its devastating effects on the Earth is both relevant and urgent. It aligns with contemporary global concerns. In fact, the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has repeatedly emphasized the negative impacts of irreversible climate change. There is a strong need to devise and implement decentralized adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable solutions to combat negative impacts of changing climate on sectors like surface and groundwater management in agriculture, rural and urban settings, and disaster prevention such as by mitigating floods, droughts, heatwaves, etc[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The poem effectively conveys a moral message about human responsibility for the Earth's well-being. It highlights the consequences of neglecting this responsibility. By framing the issue within a religious context and involving angelic figures, the poem underscores the idea that taking care of the Earth is a sacred duty.      Overall, the poem effectively raises awareness about climate change and human responsibility for the environment. It encourages reflection on the consequences of neglecting our role as stewards of the Earth.       To enhance the poem's impact, some of the complex language and metaphors could be simplified for a broader audience. Some suggestions for Improvement include:Consider revising and simplifying certain phrases to improve the poem's flow and accessibility.Ensure that the rhyme scheme feels natural and not forced.Further develop the characters and their interactions to create a more immersive narrative.Provide specific examples or statistics related to climate change to bolster the poem's argument.      The poem could serve as a starting point for broader discussions on climate change and environmental stewardship, particularly within religious and spiritual contexts. Exploring the use of poetry as a medium for conveying complex environmental issues and solutions could be a valuable avenue for future exploration.References^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Ali Raza, Yongguang Hu, Nadhir Al-Ansari, et al. (2022). Data intelligence and hybrid metaheuristic algorithms-based estimation of reference evapotranspiration. Appl Water Sci, vol. 12 (7). doi:10.1007/s13201-022-01667-7.^(2022). Observed Impacts, Future Risks, and Adaptation Solutions: Highlights from the Recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group II Report. doi:10.7249/cta1968-1.^Aman Srivastava, Rajib Maity, Venkappayya R. Desai. (2022). Assessing Global-Scale Synergy Between Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development for Projected Climate Change. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15501-7_2.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2023). Watershed development interventions for rural water safety, security, and sustainability in semi-arid region of Western-India. Environ Dev Sustain. doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03387-7.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Aman Srivastava, Jinsong Deng, Zhibin Li, et al. (2023). Forecasting vapor pressure deficit for agricultural water management using machine learning in semi-arid environments. Agricultural Water Management, vol. 283 , 108302. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108302.^Pennan Chinnasamy, Aman Srivastava. (2021). Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India. Front. Water, vol. 3 . doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.639637.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Aman Srivastava, Nand Lal Kushwaha, Csaba Juhász, et al. (2022). Meteorological Data Fusion Approach for Modeling Crop Water Productivity Based on Ensemble Machine Learning. Water, vol. 15 (1), 30. doi:10.3390/w15010030.^Chaitanya B. Pande, Nadhir Al-Ansari, N. L. Kushwaha, Aman Srivastava, et al. (2022). Forecasting of SPI and Meteorological Drought Based on the Artificial Neural Network and M5P Model Tree. Land, vol. 11 (11), 2040. doi:10.3390/land11112040.^Aman Srivastava, Shubham Jain, Rajib Maity, Venkappayya R. Desai. (2022). Demystifying artificial intelligence amidst sustainable agricultural water management. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91910-4.00002-9.

The review investigation titled “Natural Surveillance and Natural Access Control: Implementation strategies for enhancing Safety in Indian Neighborhoods[1]” addresses the safety and security of Indian neighborhoods through the implementation of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles, specifically focusing on 'Natural Surveillance' and 'Natural Access Control.'  The review effectively sets the stage by emphasizing the importance of safety and security in Indian neighborhoods, creating a sense of relevance and urgency. The reference to compromised/neglected city planning and crime prevention strategies adds context and suggests a need for alternative approaches. The review, however, could benefit from specific examples or statistics to illustrate the issue's gravity in Indian neighborhoods. Regarding the CPTED principles, the review provides a concise explanation of 'Natural Surveillance' and 'Natural Access Control,' which are essential concepts for readers unfamiliar with CPTED. The paper's focus on these two strategies is made clear, which can help readers understand the paper's scope. Besides, the review lists several strategies, including clear sightlines, active frontages, community participation, and well-defined entrances, which are vital components of CPTED. Mentioning the significance of landscaping techniques and street connectivity adds depth to the proposed strategies. Nevertheless, the review does not elaborate on how these strategies are specifically adapted to the unique characteristics and challenges of Indian neighborhoods. Providing examples or case studies would strengthen this aspect. The next paragraph will provide potential correlation between these principles and security from natural disasters which sets foundation for reviewing case studies.       While the primary focus of the review is on crime prevention and community safety, there is a potential correlation between these principles and security from natural and anthropogenic disasters such as rampant floods[2], recurring droughts including hydrological, meteorological, agricultural and socioeconomic droughts[3][4][5][6][7][8], chronic water scarcity[9], groundwater exploitation[10], and climate change impacts, and related challenges such as difficulties in implementing adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development approaches[11][12][13]. The issues related to water security and water mismanagement are widespread across the globe and across both rural and urban developments. The concept of 'Natural Surveillance' involves maximizing visibility and observation in neighborhoods. This can also be beneficial in the context of disaster response. Improved visibility can help residents and authorities monitor flood levels, drought conditions, or signs of other natural disasters more effectively. Engaged communities are more likely to have disaster response plans. The reference to street connectivity is essential not only for crime prevention but also for disaster management. Well-connected streets provide clear evacuation routes during floods or other emergencies. Successful disaster preparedness and response often require collaboration between urban planners and disaster management agencies. The need for collaboration mentioned in the review aligns with this aspect of disaster resilience. Resilient communities are better equipped to handle natural disasters and adapt to the impacts of climate change.      Besides, the review correctly emphasizes the need for collaboration between various stakeholders, including urban planners, architects, law enforcement agencies, and the community. The mention of 'neighbourhood watch programs' and 'active community involvement' underscores the importance of community-driven efforts. Nonetheless, the review does not elaborate on potential challenges or barriers to implementing these strategies, which would provide a more balanced perspective. With regards to the contribution, the review highlights the contribution to the body of knowledge related to CPTED, specifically by focusing on the application of 'Natural Surveillance' and 'Natural Access Control' in Indian contexts. It would be beneficial to specify how this contribution extends or complements existing literature on CPTED, showcasing its novelty or distinctiveness. The review concludes by summarizing the potential outcomes of adopting these strategies, such as fostering safety and community engagement. The suggestion that adopting these strategies can deter criminal activities and promote thriving communities provides a compelling incentive. Mentioning 'future scope' is beneficial, indicating that the research acknowledges ongoing development and potential for further exploration.      To summarize, the review addresses a critical issue of safety and security in Indian neighborhoods, which is of societal importance. It provides a clear focus on 'Natural Surveillance' and 'Natural Access Control,' which can make the paper more actionable for urban planners and policymakers. The emphasis on community involvement aligns with the trend of participatory planning. However, there are scopes to further enhance the review deliverables. The review lacks specific data or case studies related to safety and security concerns in Indian neighborhoods, which would bolster the paper's empirical foundation. It could provide more insights into the challenges of implementing CPTED in Indian contexts, as this information is valuable for practitioners. The connection between the proposed strategies and the unique characteristics of Indian neighborhoods could be elaborated. Coherently, the paper could benefit from in-depth case studies or pilot implementations of these strategies in specific Indian neighborhoods, providing tangible results and lessons learned. Exploring the scalability of these strategies to accommodate the diversity of Indian urban environments could be a valuable avenue for future research. Investigating the economic feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing these strategies could enhance their practicality for city planners and policymakers.References^Shubham Jajoriya, Pooja Singh. (2023). Natural Surveillance and Natural Access Control: Implementation strategies for enhancing Safety in Indian Neighborhoods. doi:10.32388/43tw5l.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Developing Village-Level Water Management Plans Against Extreme Climatic Events in Maharashtra (India)—A Case Study Approach. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_27.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Ali Raza, Yongguang Hu, Nadhir Al-Ansari, et al. (2022). Data intelligence and hybrid metaheuristic algorithms-based estimation of reference evapotranspiration. Appl Water Sci, vol. 12 (7). doi:10.1007/s13201-022-01667-7.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Aman Srivastava, Abdullah Hassan Al-Saeedi, Ali Raza, et al. (2023). Forecasting Long-Series Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Based on Best Subset Regression and Machine Learning in Egypt. Water, vol. 15 (6), 1149. doi:10.3390/w15061149.^Chaitanya B. Pande, Nadhir Al-Ansari, N. L. Kushwaha, Aman Srivastava, et al. (2022). Forecasting of SPI and Meteorological Drought Based on the Artificial Neural Network and M5P Model Tree. Land, vol. 11 (11), 2040. doi:10.3390/land11112040.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Aman Srivastava, Jinsong Deng, Zhibin Li, et al. (2023). Forecasting vapor pressure deficit for agricultural water management using machine learning in semi-arid environments. Agricultural Water Management, vol. 283 , 108302. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108302.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2022). Understanding Declining Storage Capacity of Tank Cascade System of Madurai: Potential for Better Water Management for Rural, Peri-Urban, and Urban Catchments. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2312-8_14.^Ahmed Elbeltagi, Aman Srivastava, Nand Lal Kushwaha, Csaba Juhász, et al. (2022). Meteorological Data Fusion Approach for Modeling Crop Water Productivity Based on Ensemble Machine Learning. Water, vol. 15 (1), 30. doi:10.3390/w15010030.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2023). Watershed development interventions for rural water safety, security, and sustainability in semi-arid region of Western-India. Environ Dev Sustain. doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03387-7.^Aman Srivastava, Pennan Chinnasamy. (2021). Assessing Groundwater Depletion in Southern India as a Function of Urbanization and Change in Hydrology: A Threat to Tank Irrigation in Madurai City. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_24.^Aditya Dhanuka, Aman Srivastava, Leena Khadke, Nand Lal Kushwaha. (2023). Smart Geometric Design of Highways Using HTML Programming for Sustainable and Climate Resilient Cities. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24767-5_39.^Aman Srivastava, Rajib Maity, Venkappayya R. Desai. (2022). Assessing Global-Scale Synergy Between Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development for Projected Climate Change. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15501-7_2.^Pennan Chinnasamy, Aman Srivastava. (2021). Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India. Front. Water, vol. 3 . doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.639637.